Lobby in State Legislatures and Congress
Lobby is a powerful tool for influencing the outcome of governmental policies at the state and federal levels. It allows the resolution of conflicts among many diverse points of view. Provides information and analysis to legislators and government leaders. Creates a system of checks and balances that keeps one interest group from attaining a permanent position of power.
Legislative Influence
The number of bills introduced into state legislatures varies significantly across the United States, but the percentage passed into law is very high. This suggests that state legislatures significantly shape policy, especially for essential issues like education, the environment, and healthcare.
Lobbying is one way that citizens and interest groups try to influence legislators’ policy decisions. It is generally a less partisan approach than introducing a bill. It is often use to persuade lawmakers with information rather than forcefully advocating for or against the legislation.
Legislative influence is a complicated process involving many actors. And there is no single answer to how much influence lobbyists have on legislative outcomes. The scholarly literature is dominate by two perspectives: exchange theories, which assume that interactions between lobbyists and legislators affect outcomes, and persuasion theories, which assume that lobbyists try to persuade legislators with information.
Interest Group Influence
Interest groups are often referr to as “lobbyists.” They represent individual, governmental, or corporate interests in public policy. They may lobby directly with government officials, through representatives, or the media.
The term “interest group” has been broadened by scholars to include formally organized associations and private entities that do not seek elective office but rather form to lobby in front of one or more branches of government. It contrasts with the narrower definition of a “political party.”
These groups send representatives to state capitals and Washington, D.C., to influence congressional hearings and pressure policymakers. They often present research results and technical information, talk with people from the media and the press, and even help draft legislation.
Much research indicates the influence of interest groups on public opinion. However, most of this evidence assumes that these groups influence public opinion through the transmission of arguments, not through the impact of their activities on individual attitudes.
Political Influence
Despite the enormous volume of lobbying in state legislatures and the federal government, much uncertainty remains about how and to what extent lobbying succeeds in influencing legislative outcomes. Research-based on theories of exchange and persuasion, which assume that interactions between lobbyists. Legislators are instrumental in determining outcomes, often falls short when defining and tracking influence.
Lawmakers rely on information provided by interest groups and lobbyists for cues about how to vote, particularly on unfamiliar issues. These include technical details about a bill’s content and information about fellow lawmakers’ stands and constituents’ perceptions of the issue.
In addition, they sometimes conduct strategic targeting — the practice of trying to influence specific members of committees that have jurisdiction over an issue — to ensure that their message is not lost in the legislative process. This is a powerful tool, but it also requires careful targeting of legislators with expertise on a particular issue.
Public Influence
While lobbying in state legislatures has been well documented, less is known about the actual influence that lobbyists have on legislative outcomes. This is important because interest groups often employ two common persuasion strategies — sometimes,威而鋼
they try to convince legislators to kill proposed bills; other times, they try to convey information about pending legislation to persuade legislators to modify it in preferred ways.
This is especially true in the U.S., where big corporations have established wide-ranging influence campaigns in several sectors. They are structured into powerful oligopolies on the industrial, commercial, and financial levels, and they develop eminently political strategies in communication and public relations.